More than just the cake

dung cakes

Sudhirendar Sharma

As the goal to attain 'net zero' emissions by year 2050 gains global currency, climate change mitigation by trapping excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere retains an added significance. That the soil holds three times more carbon than the atmosphere has been scientifically validated, however, unchecked soil degradation has left this potential  far from being fully realized. Maintaining the capacity of the soil to act as a functional carbon sink needs to work in tandem with the goal of emission reduction.

Sudhirendar Sharma

As a replenishable biological resource, dung holds soil particles together for making the landmass act like a veritable carbon sink while keeping the soil moist and productive. With 5 million tons of dung on offer on a daily basis in the country, India holds rare credentials to bring dung on the global climate agenda.  While its climate-friendly credentials of trapping soil carbon are only beginning to be realized, dung has add-on benefits of being antibacterial and anti-fungal, with recently developed thermally insulating-paint out of it being the latest addition to its list of virtues. 

As a milch country, has the country valued cattle dung to gain the desired global attention? Little has been done to salvage dung that lies splintered on roads with cows foraging from the roadside dust bins. Considered an economic resource of immense cultural value, its colossal neglect has yet to catch the attention it deserves. Nothing could be more curious than such an abandonment of a resource that comes virtually free. Even the National Biogas Program, launched in 1981, to convert dung into cooking gas has done pretty little to uplift dung's sagging image as a valuable resource. 

With its uninterrupted daily replenishment, dung is a deceptively simple raw material that has shown immense conversion value. It's nutritive worth for crops and energy value as fuel runs into billions of rupees, worthy of making the market go bullish. However, spotting dung on the streets provides a grim example of how its tangible aspects as a source with multiple benefits have failed to garner political attention. Political philosopher Jeremy Waldron may have been referring to dung when he said 'things are not quite as they seem'.

No surprise, therefore, people have learnt to live with dung which are unceremoniously scattered almost everywhere. While its ritual significance amidst diverse cultural traditions is discerning, dung  plastered as cakes on village walls and as dung-pyramids dotting the landscape presents a different story. Least said, a milk-nation has paid scant attention to dung.      

The question begging attention is: why despite many virtues good ideas about dung have lacked systematic promotion? The only exception being when noted economist E F Schumacher had pulled it out from the near abyss in the 80's by advising the government to get gas and manure out of it, through what became known as a biogas. In forty years that have gone by, not only has the ambitious program of building 12 million biogas units fell short of target by over 70 per cent, but has more dysfunctional and defunct units to its credit.

It may read like a fairy tale on unsuccessful attempts at quietude but dung has continued to act like a periscope of ideas to tease creative minds. Interestingly, like most bakery products sun-baked dung cakes can now be ordered online. There is an energy and manure value in dung cakes! Perhaps, more attractive is the recent proposal by the Chhattisgarh government to buy dung for Rs 2 per kilo at farmers' doorsteps. The country needs to value its dung from a climate perspective, incentivising its distribution to enriching soils can be a national program. 

Given the climatic urgency, there can be little denying that the country needs to be both empathetic and prepared to bring dung on the climatic agenda. Unless we alert ourselves from being lout in our dealing with dung, it will remain neglected both as a resource as well as an idea.

(Dr. Sudhirendar Sharma is a writer and researcher specializing in development issues. He is based in New Delhi, India)

First published in Deccan Herald, issue dated Oct 27, 2021.