Sundarbans: A Unique Mangrove Ecosystem with Rich Biodiversity

The forest is home to a diverse array of species. Among its aquatic inhabitants are mudskipper fish like Periophthalmus and Boleophthalmus. On land, it supports iconic species like the Royal Bengal Tiger, spotted deer, Rhesus macaque, and Indian smooth otter. Its reptile population includes saltwater crocodiles, rock pythons, monitor lizards, and king cobras.

Professor Abdullah Harun Chowdhury, an environmental scientist at Khulna University, described the Sundarbans as the world’s largest productive mangrove forest, characterized by evergreen vegetation that thrives in tidal, muddy coastal areas. The forest is accessible only by boat due to its low-lying, tidal nature.

The Sundarbans attracts wildlife enthusiasts and naturalists globally, thanks to its rich biodiversity, including the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger. Shubhra Shachin, Chief Executive of the Sundarbans and Upakul Suraksha Foundation, highlighted the tiger’s status as a vulnerable species and emphasized the importance of the Sundarbans as a crucial habitat for the largest surviving population of this majestic animal.

Despite its ecological importance, the Sundarbans faces significant threats. Illegal activities such as poaching, fishing with poison, and logging have escalated, further endangering wildlife. Climate change and rising sea levels also pose risks, with salinity levels rising and the loss of critical mangrove trees like the Sundari.

Mihir Kumar Doe, Conservator of Forests, reported a slight increase in the tiger population, with 125 tigers now recorded, up from 118 in 2018. To help protect these tigers, a Tiger Conservation in Sundarbans project, launched in 2022, focuses on camera trapping, prey animal surveys, and the construction of 60 kilometers of fencing to reduce human-tiger conflicts. Additional initiatives aim to improve the forest's resilience against natural disasters, such as cyclone shelters for wildlife.

A Conservation of Sundarbans project, worth Taka 157.87 crore, includes measures to curb illegal activities, promote sustainable forest management, and create a green belt in coastal areas. Meanwhile, the region is experiencing an increase in tourism. To cater to growing interest, authorities are setting up four new eco-tourism centers in Alibanda, Andamanik, Shekhertek, and Kalabagi, while a feasibility study for a world-class tourism facility is underway.

The Sundarbans remains a vital and irreplaceable part of the world’s natural heritage, offering both ecological and cultural significance, while continuing to face challenges that require sustained conservation efforts.